Political Issues Regarding the Hispanic Population

Policy centered Issues Regarding the Hispanic Population Courtney Warner ETH/125 Cultural Diversity Instructor Michelle Ward Saturday May 8, 2010 Political Issues Mexican Americans, Puerto Rican Americans, Cuban Americans, and Dominican Americans have separate societies yet both incorporate solid family securities and strict convictions. These social gatherings are arranged into the Hispanic American class since they share the Spanish language. â€Å"Although these gatherings share a similar language each gathering has an alternate tongue and beginning. Cuban and Dominican Americans have made the best advancements in the social and political point of view. Puerto Rican Americans have gained ground on the country in the financial view. While a few gatherings oppose digestion into the American way of life, others have grasped it. † (Alba, 2006). Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Dominican Americans have numerous likenesses yet at the same time stay separate in their ethnicity and are relatives from an assortment of foreigners. The fundamental purpose behind these gatherings moving to the United States was for a protected domain liberated from policy driven issues happening in their nations and to look for a superior lifestyle. Mexican Americans have accomplished both social and financial status, broken the language obstruction, and accomplished lawful status in the United States. Most Mexicans that come to America are hoping to try sincerely and beat the hindrances they confronted strategically and financially in Mexico. The policy centered issues confronting Mexicans are ordinarily equivalent to any outside migrant. Casting a ballot is a test. The democratic of the Hispanic populace is down on the grounds that most of Mexicans are not legitimate residents which keep them from casting a ballot. As indicated by the Census Bureau (2008), it is assessed that 1. 7 to 2. million percent of the United States populace is unlawful outsiders. The Hispanic populace has not gotten political force equivalent to its extent of populace. Through long periods of fights and discussions bilingual democratic is presently a possibility for areas with huge quantities of non American talking residents. Bilingual training is add itionally another significant policy centered issue in the Mexican people group. Initially schools in America just trained one language except for additional credit language courses. With the rising number of foreigners the educational committees in vigorously populated Mexican people group are currently offering bilingual classes. Migration laws are likewise a steady discussion with Hispanic individuals. Following quite a while of bombed endeavors at passing new movement laws, with the new Obama organization trusts are high that migration change will be returned on the national plan. English is the essential language of Puerto Rican Americans. English is educated in Puerto Rican grade schools since Puerto Rico is district of the United States. Despite the fact that Puerto Rica is viewed as district it despite everything has its own constitution, council, and senator however is dependent upon the guidelines and guidelines of the United States. The federation status permits all Puerto Ricans American citizenship, making them vagrants not outsiders. Puerto Rican American osmosis has been both fruitful and hazardous. Puerto Ricans living in the United States and Puerto Rico are as yet encountering issues with sedate use and wrongdoing. Absence of instructive chances and disappointment in family structures are likewise causing battles in the Puerto Rican populace. The political association of Puerto Ricans and different minorities in the United States is little in contrast with their populace size. Not exactly 50% of the Puerto Rican populace has exploited their democratic benefits. Once Puerto Ricans become increasingly settled as occupants, they begin to take an interest in governmental issues. For most Puerto Rican occupants their essential concern is to scan for preferred monetary conditions rather over become an individual from an ideological group. Most of these workers that picked this course are non-English talking and not ready to join or partake in a political race. Rather, the migrants are bound to become individuals from strict associations since they are acclimated with these strict routes in their nation. Religion assumes a significant job in family and political life. Ongoing conversation among Puerto Rican government authorities is pushing for Puerto Rico to turn into a real U. S. state. Cuban Americans have championed themselves strategically and financially in the Miami, Florida zone and are turning into the predominant ethnic network. In Florida this is the place the most critical Cuban American political associations, research focuses, and social establishments exist. Somewhere in the range of 1989 and 1990, 78% of Cuban Americans enrolled to cast a ballot in contrast with 49. 3% of Mexican Americans, and 49. 9% of Puerto Ricans. Cuban Americans likewise appear to have a superior financial security than other Hispanic gatherings. The normal Cuban American pay in 1986 was generally $26,700 which was more than $6,700 for every Hispanic family unit. Cuban Americans are likewise profoundly instructed; a dominant part has finished either school or graduate tutoring. Cuban Americans are noted to be traditionalist strategically and will in general decision in favor of the Republican Party. The most significant political association in the Cuban American people group is the Cuban American National Foundation (CANF). This association is devoted to rebuilding U. S. olicy toward Cuba and expelling Castro from Cuba. The CANF is likewise answerable for fund-raising for political purposes and campaigning chose authorities. There has been a lot of progress made in the Cuban American’s political job, they chose Cuban Americans for Congress and ruled the nearby political scene in the Miami region. Be that as it may, th e center issues despite everything stay in the political discussion of Cuban Americans; relocation, Castro, and U. S. Republicanism. Dominicans see instruction to be an essential concern. Dominicans in the United States have battled one of their most significant political fights over instruction. It was in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, that they composed together to voice to the nearby leading body of training. The educational committee comprised of no Dominican residents yet the school itself had a greater part or Dominican school agers. The Dominicans fought to put a Dominican ready and they were fruitful in their thought processes. This started the political preparation for Dominicans in the instruction field. Other significant political issue’s the U. S. Dominican people group is worried about is the status of undocumented vagrants into the United States, citizenship status, and the police viciousness towards Dominicans. There have been a few associations and entryways made to accomplish these rights. Starting at now, Dominicans have not been associated with National governmental issues, yet have put forth attempts at neighborhood levels. The National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials (NALEO) is an exploration, strategy, and instruction association devoted to â€Å"developing and actualizing programs that advance the incorporation of Latino settlers into American culture, creating future pioneers among Latino youth, giving help and preparing to the country's Latino chosen and designated authorities and †¦ leading examination on issues imperative to the Latino population†. With the ongoing appointment of an African American into U. S. Administration shows how our general public has advanced. The significant reality to comprehend isn't that we have a dark president, yet we have settled and not excuse an up-and-comer dependent on race. WE have to consider other significant issues like this political race has brought understanding that new open doors have been made accessible for minorities in the political world. Our cutting edge society is starting to change by making positive strides the correct way. References Alba, R. (2006). Mexican Americans and the American dream. Political Theory and Politics_. American Political Science Association. _ Retrieved April 30, 2009 from http://www. apsanet. organization/imgtest/PerspectivesJun06Alba. pdf Ballasy, N. (2010). Top Puerto Rican Government Leaders Argue for Statehood on Capitol Hill. Recovered from http://www. cnsnews. com/news/article/65006 Countries and Their Cultures. (2009). Multicultural America. Recovered from http://www. everyculture. om/multi/list. html Mongillo, I. (2010) Yale-New Haven Teacher Institute. Puerto Rican Cultural Differences in Politics. Recovered http://www. yale. edu/ynhti/educational plan/units/1980/6/80. 06. 08. x. html NALEO Educational Fund. (2010). Activity Urgently Needed on Comprehensive Immigration Reform. http://www. naleo. organization/Pew Hispanic Center (2010). Key Issues for Hispanic Voters Include Education, Economy and Health Care. Recovered from http://pewhispanic. organization/newsroom/discha rges/discharge. php? ReleaseID=14 Pew Research Center Survey (2006). Section 7: Ideology and Policy Issues. Recovered from http://pewhispanic. organization/records/reports/75. 7. pdf Reshaping governmental issues. Financial expert, 00130613, 1/9/2010, Vol. 394, Issue 8664 Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=47437302&site=ehost-live Schaefer, R. (2006). Hispanic Americans. Week Seven Reading: Chapter 9. Recovered from ETH/125â€Cultural Diversity site. References Insert References Here.

Lord of the Flies Chapter 4-6

â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Chapter 4 Summary Life on the island before long builds up a day by day cadence. Morning is wonderful, with cool air and sweet scents, and the young men can play joyfully. By evening, however, the sun turns out to be abusively blistering, and a portion of the young men rest, despite the fact that they are regularly pained by peculiar pictures that appear to gleam over the water. Piggy excuses these pictures as illusions brought about by daylight striking the water. Night brings cooler temperatures once more, yet obscurity falls rapidly, and evening is startling and difficult.The littluns, who go through a large portion of their days eating foods grown from the ground with each other, are especially pained by dreams and awful dreams. They keep on discussing the â€Å"beastie† and dread that a beast chases in the murkiness. The enormous measure of organic product that they eat makes them experience the ill effects of looseness of the bowels and stomach illnesses. In spite of the fact that the littluns’ lives are to a great extent separate from those of the more established young men, there are a couple of cases when the more seasoned young men torment the littluns. One horrendous kid named Roger joins another kid, Maurice, in unfeelingly trampling a sand stronghold the littluns have built.Roger even tosses stones at one of the young men, in spite of the fact that he remains sufficiently cautious to maintain a strategic distance from really hitting the kid with his stones. Jack, fixated on slaughtering a pig, disguises his face with dirt and charcoal and enters the wilderness to chase, joined by a few different young men. On the sea shore, Ralph and Piggy see a boat on the horizonâ€but they additionally observe that the sign fire has gone out. They rush to the highest point of the slope, yet it is past the point where it is possible to revive the fire, and the boat d oesn't seek them. Ralph is angry with Jack, since it was the hunters’ duty to see that the fire was maintained.Jack and the trackers come back from the wilderness, secured with blood and reciting an unusual tune. They convey a dead pig on a stake between them. Irate at the hunters’ untrustworthiness, Ralph confronts Jack about the sign fire. The trackers, having really figured out how to catch and slaughter a pig, are so energized and crazed with bloodlust that they scarcely hear Ralph’s grievances. At the point when Piggy harshly gripes about the hunters’ adolescence, Jack slaps him hard, breaking one of the focal points of his glasses. Jack insults Piggy by copying his whimpering voice. Ralph and Jack have a warmed conversation.At last, Jack concedes his duty in the disappointment of the sign fire however never apologizes to Piggy. Ralph goes to Piggy to utilize his glasses to light a fire, and at that point, Jack’s cordial emotions toward Ralph change to disdain. The young men cook the pig, and the trackers move fiercely around the fire, singing and reenacting the brutality of the chase. Ralph announces that he is assembling a conference and stalks down the slope toward the sea shore alone. Investigation At this point in the novel, the gathering of young men has lived on the island for quite a while, and their general public progressively takes after a political state.Although the issue of intensity and control is vital to the boys’ lives from the second they choose an innovator in the primary part, the elements of the general public they structure set aside some effort to create. By this part, the boys’ network reflects a political society, with the anonymous and terrified littluns looking like the majority of everyday citizens and the different more established young men filling places of intensity and significance as to these subordinates. A portion of the more established young men, including Ralph and pa rticularly Simon, are caring to the littluns; others, including Roger and Jack, are brutal to them.In short, two originations of intensity develop on the island, relating to the novel’s philosophical polesâ€civilization and viciousness. Simon, Ralph, and Piggy speak to the possibility that force ought to be utilized to benefit the gathering and the assurance of the littlunsâ€a position speaking to the impulse toward human progress, request, and ethical quality. Roger and Jack speak to the possibility that force should empower the individuals who hold it to satisfy their own wants and follow up on their driving forces, treating the littluns as hirelings or items for their own amusementâ€a position speaking to the intuition toward savagery.As the strain among Ralph and Jack expands, we see progressively clear indications of a potential battle for power. In spite of the fact that Jack has been profoundly jealous of Ralph’s power from the second Ralph was chosen, the two don't come into open clash until this section, when Jack’s recklessness prompts the disappointment of the sign fire. When the fireâ€a image of the boys’ association with civilizationâ€goes out, the boys’ first possibility of being safeguarded is frustrated. Ralph flies into a wrath, demonstrating that he is still administered by want to accomplish the benefit of the entire group.But Jack, having quite recently murdered a pig, is excessively energized by his prosperity to think especially about the botched opportunity to get away from the island. For sure, Jack’s bloodlust and hunger for power have overpowered his enthusiasm for human progress. Though he recently supported his pledge to chasing by guaranteeing that it was to benefit the gathering, presently he no longer wants to legitimize his conduct by any means. Rather, he demonstrates his new direction toward brutality by painting his face like a savage, driving wild serenades among the t rackers, and saying 'sorry' for his inability to keep up the sign fire just when Ralph appears to be prepared to battle him over it.The degree to which the solid young men menace the frail mirrors the degree to which the island human progress breaks down. Since the start, the young men have harassed the whiny, scholarly Piggy at whatever point they expected to feel incredible and significant. Presently, be that as it may, their provocation of Piggy heightens, and Jack starts to hit him straightforwardly. To be sure, notwithstanding his situation of intensity and obligation in the gathering, Jack shows no apprehensions about mishandling different young men genuinely. A portion of different trackers, particularly Roger, appear to be significantly crueler and less administered by moral impulses.The acculturated Ralph, in the interim, can't comprehend this incautious and coldblooded conduct, for he basically can't consider how physical harassing makes a self-satisfying feeling of intens ity. The boys’ inability to see each other’s perspectives makes an inlet between themâ€one that broadens as disdain and open threatening vibe set in. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Chapter 5 Summary As Ralph strolls along the sea shore, he contemplates the amount of life is an impromptu creation and about how an impressive piece of one’s cognizant existence is spent viewing one’s feet.Ralph is baffled with his hair, which is currently long, filthy, and consistently figures out how to fall before his eyes. He chooses to assemble a conference to endeavor to bring the gathering once again into line. Late at night, he blows the conch shell, and the young men assemble on the sea shore. At the gathering place, Ralph grasps the conch shell and chides the young men for their inability to maintain the group’s rules. They have not done anything expected of them: they won't work at building covers, they do n't accumulate drinking water, they disregard the sign fire, and they don't utilize the assigned can area.He repeats the significance of the sign fire and endeavors to mollify the group’s developing trepidation of mammoths and beasts. The littluns, specifically, are progressively tormented by bad dream dreams. Ralph says there are no beasts on the island. Jack in like manner keeps up that there is no monster, saying that everybody gets startled and it is simply a question of enduring it. Piggy seconds Ralph’s reasonable case, yet a wave of dread goes through the gathering in any case. One of the littluns makes some noise and claims that he has really observed a beast.When the others press him and ask where it could stow away during the daytime, he recommends that it may come up from the sea around evening time. This already unthought-of clarification startles all the young men, and the gathering dives into bedlam. Out of nowhere, Jack announces that if there is a mammo th, he and his trackers will chase it down and murder it. Jack torments Piggy and flees, and huge numbers of different young men pursue him. In the end, just Ralph, Piggy, and Simon are left. Out yonder, the trackers who have followed Jack move and chant.Piggy inclinations Ralph to blow the conch shell and bring the young men back to the gathering, however Ralph is anxious about the possibility that that the request will go disregarded and that any remnant of request will at that point crumble. He tells Piggy and Simon that he may give up authority of the gathering, yet his companions promise him that the young men need his direction. As the gathering floats off to rest, the sound of a littlun crying echoes along the sea shore. Investigation The boys’ dread of the mammoth turns into an inexorably significant part of their lives, particularly around evening time, from the second the first littlun cases to have seen a snake-beast in Chapter 2.In this section, the dread of the m onster at long last detonates, demolishing Ralph’s endeavor to reestablish request to the island and hastening the last split among Ralph and Jack. Now, it stays dubious whether the monster really exists. Regardless, the brute fills in as one of the most significant images in the novel, speaking to both the dread and the appeal of the early stage wants for viciousness, force, and brutality that sneak inside each human spirit. With regards to the general metaphorical nature of Lord of the Flies,â the brute can be deciphered in various distinctive lights.In a strict perusing, for example, the mammoth reviews the fallen angel; in a Freudian perusing, it can speak to the id, the instinctual inclinations and wants of the human oblivious psyche. Anyway we decipher the mammoth, the littlun’s thought of the beast r

Tips on Writing the Research Abstract

Tips on Writing the Research AbstractThe purpose of the research abstract is to tell the readers about the findings of the research project so that they can find out more about it. The abstract serves as a summary of the research findings, a summary of the results that are expected to be announced by the researchers. Here are some of the possible ways of writing the research abstract.The first thing to do is to make sure that all the research articles in your portfolio are published. The academic directories list the journals that have published your work. In order to establish credibility of your work, it is necessary to publish your findings in high-quality journals. So it is advisable to submit your research to a journal of those journals that are considered to be authoritative in the field of your work.The second thing to do is to write an abstract that is short and straightforward so that readers can easily understand it. Do not use more words to give the impression that the abs tract is too long or the abstract does not make enough sense. Make sure that the summary of the research points is clear and concise.The third thing to do is to introduce the abstract in a way that it can easily be found by the readers in the journal where it was published. The abstract should appear in the masthead of the journal and should also appear in the table of contents of the journal. Use the keywords for easier searching by the readers.The fourth thing to do is to place the abstract in the body of the text section of the paper, above the other content. The abstract is the best place to add the most important points of the research. If you have already introduced the importance of the abstract in the body of the paper, then you can also place the abstract in the last paragraph.The fifth thing to do is to conclude the research by putting the findings in the final part of the paper. The researchers should take the help of the research abstract to place the results in the best possible manner. If the paper does not contain an ending chapter then the reader will have a hard time finding the summary or the findings.The sixth thing to do is to mention the benefits of the reader. The benefits are important because they give the readers an idea of what they can expect when they get to read the whole of the paper.It is important to mention the purpose of the research abstract in the title of the paper. The abstract should be included in the title as the name of the paper. The abstract should be mentioned in the first sentence.

Example Sentences of the Verb Drink for ESL

This page provides example sentences of the verb Drink in all tenses including active and passive forms, as well as conditional and modal forms. Base Form drink / Past Simple drank / Past Participle drunk / Gerund drinking Present Simple He usually drinks four glasses of water a day. Present Simple Passive Water is drunk at meals. Present Continuous She is drinking a gin and tonic. Present Continuous Passive The new wine is being drunk by customers. Present Perfect Peter has drunk three glasses of water this afternoon. Present Perfect Passive All the juice has been drunk. Present Perfect Continuous I have been drinking juice all morning. Past Simple Jack drank a glass of apple juice. Past Simple Passive A glass of apple juice was drunk by that customer. Past Continuous She was drinking some water when the man bumped into her. Past Continuous Passive Water was being drunk when they opened the wine. Past Perfect We had drunk all the water before the order arrived. Past Perfect Passive All the water had been drunk before the order arrived. Past Perfect Continuous We had been drinking our beverages for ten minutes when he finally arrived. Future (will) She will drink orange juice. Future (will) Passive Wine will be drunk by the customers at table six. Future (going to) We are going to drink French wine with our meal. Future (going to) Passive French wine is going to be drunk by the customers at table six. Future Continuous This time tomorrow we will be drinking a nice cold cocktail. Future Perfect He will have drunk three bottles by the end of the evening. Future Possibility He might drink juice. Real Conditional If he drinks wine, I will drive home. Unreal Conditional If he drank wine, I would drive home. Past Unreal Conditional If he had drunk wine, I would have driven home. Present Modal I should drink some tea. Past Modal You should have drunk some milk to calm your stomach. Quiz: Conjugate With Drink Use the verb to drink to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. He usually _____ four glasses of water a day.She _____ a gin and tonic at the moment.Peter _____ three glasses of water this afternoon.I _____ juice all morning.A glass of apple juice _____ by that customer.We _____ all the water before the order arrived.She _____ orange juice.We _____ French wine with our meal.If he _____ wine, I would drive home.She _____ some water when the man bumped into her. Quiz Answers drinksis drinkinghas drunkhave been drinkingwas drunkhad drunkwill drinkare going to drinkdrankwas drinking

Pros And Cons Of Student Loan - 1256 Words

Applebaum laments that from the student loan industry point of view, the student debt is there to help the loan providers amass funds from the youngest, economically vulnerable and financially unstable of which graduates form the majority. The loans have come with immense opportunity cost as the â€Å"educated poor† are not able to buy homes, invest or innovate, start businesses or engage in economically viable activities while the few up the echelons of power are benefiting. Tuition rates have escalated due to the flooding of student loans which allow people to pursue any degrees; further decimating the job market. The loans lack basic consumer protections, eliminating the risk of lenders who issue the loans. Mangis (2012) discusses the pros and cons of student loan forgiveness. As a major advantage of the program, students will be relieved the burden of paying the loans in full besides checking interest rates. This will lower monthly loan repayments and increasing chances of affordability of student loans. However, the Obama Student Loan Forgiveness just applies to federal loans and no incentive is provided for private loans. According to Wolfers (2011), the program will have immediate stimulative impact to the economy by increasing the consumers’ disposable income, consequently leading to hiking in consumer spending, more employment opportunities, businesses increasing their hiring and emergence of a new period of innovation, economic prosperity, and entrepreneurialShow MoreRelatedReasons For Why Student Dropout1257 Words   |  6 PagesI live in a small town and all the students I’ve seen that dropped out said how their financial aid didn’t cover their college expenses. I love where I am from but I refuse to go back to Plymouth because my financial aid wouldn’t cover everything. 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Symbolism in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry - 918 Words

Symbolism in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry Kevin Hardy Jr. English 215 Dr. Maxwell Poems have many different interpretations, but let it be known that different people could see poems in many different ways. In Emily Dickinson’s poetry, she uses interpretations that refer back to mortality because of her past experiences throughout life that influenced her to write. But, there are other hidden facts that you would be able to see Dickinson’s poems, she uses symbolism of immortality, death, sorrow and personification throughout the three poems that I will be discussing in the following paragraphs. She describes each meaning to only symbolize one thing and without reading the whole poem one would not be able to notice this. But, I will†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I like to see it lap the Miles-â€Å" And lick the Valleys up- And stop to feed itself at Tanks And then-prodigious step† (1145) As the reader reads the first stanza, there is a slight misunderstanding. In my eyes it seems as if the object described if free like an immortal, free to do anything it wants. But at the same time Dickinson’s poem seems to have a greater point. There are key words like â€Å"prodigious,† â€Å"around,† and â€Å"supercilious† that shows the reader that immortality can not be the sole purpose of this poem. Dickinson is metaphorically comparing how a horse is like a train. â€Å"And lick the Valleys up-† â€Å"In Shanties-by the sides of Roads-† â€Å"Then chase itself down Hill-† â€Å"Stop-docile and omnipotent At its own stable door-† (1145-1146) Dickinson uses these metaphors using the horse to make it look like a train, which the reader finds out that the animal that Dickinson is referring to is a horse after the last stanza is read. In Emily Dickinson’s poetry, she uses interpretations that refer back to mortality because of her past experiences throughout life that influenced her to write. Dickinson had three specific poems that stood out in my eyes that spoke on immortality the most, 465, 585 and 712. Although Dickinson focused on immortality and it seemed as if that is what she was talking about in every poem, in paragraph three it was proven that Dickinson’s poems can be mischievous, and in the reader’s eyes mean somethingShow MoreRelated Literary Analysis of Emily Dickinsons Poetry Essays1053 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Analysis of Emily Dickinsons Poetry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emily Dickinson is one of the most famous authors in American History, and a good amount of that can be attributed to her uniqueness in writing. 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The poems about death are the most captivating and puzzling, The poems that issue from this spiritual exercise are among her most impressive, (Cunningham 45)Read MoreEmily Dickinson : The Point When A Reader1749 Words   |  7 PagesMohammed Horieh Introduction to Literature Professor Knoernschild November 27, 2015 Emily Dickinson At the point when a reader hears the name Emily Dickinson, they consider a female who composed verse that has been surely understood for a considerable length of time and years. Much to their dismay that Emily Dickinson established American Literature, and began an entire unrest of verse. The procedure Dickinson used to keep in touch with her verse was at no other time seen and was theRead MoreEmily Dickinson Research Paper984 Words   |  4 PagesMichael Salvucci Mrs. Comeau English 10 Honors Death, Pain, and the Pursuit of Peace Although Emily Dickinson’s poetry is profoundly insightful, her poems have a very confinedpan of subjects and themes. Most likely due to her early life and social reclusion, Dickinson’s poetry is limited to three major subjects: death, pain, and on a somewhat lighter note, nature. Dickinson’s poetry is greatly influenced by her early life as she led an extremely secluded and pessimisticlife. In her early adultRead MoreEmily Dickin sons Capitalization and Punctuation1251 Words   |  6 PagesThe poetry of Emily Dickinson is one of the most recognizable of the 19th century. Dickinson’s poetry stands out because of its unconventional use of capitalization and punctuation. Her poems contain capitalized words which are not normally capitalized. Her poems are noted for the frequent use of the dash. Literary scholars have attempted to interpret Dickinson’s unconventional capitalization and punctuation. Some believe that it was merely part of Dickinson’s penmanship (Weisbuch 73). They thereforeRead MoreEmily Dickinson Research Paper1928 Words   |  8 Pages Dickinson Research Paper Emily Dickinson is one of the most influential poets of all time, and has a unique way of using literal imagery to paint a picture in the readers mind. The best poets are those that excel at using their words to create clear, concrete images and intrigue their reader. Dickinson began writing poetry around the year 1855, and prospered for another 10 years. Some of her most famous poems include â€Å"I Taste a liquor Never Brewed†, â€Å"Success is Counted Sweetest†, and â€Å"Wild nightsRead MoreEmily Dickinson’s Imagery and Symbolic Creations592 Words   |  2 PagesDickinson’s Imagery and Symbolic Creations In many of Emily Dickinson’s pieces of poetry that she has created are notoriously known for being very innovative of all poetry. Emily the author of the poems, â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† and â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I Died† is made very vivid and extraordinary to the reader with the amount of symbolism and imagery she uses. Imagery used inside of Dickinson’s poems create a bigger picture in the readers minds that let them almost feel some of

History of Advertising free essay sample

In the 16th century some companies had a trade mark which was a two or three dimensional picture or sign. In both volume and technique, advertising has made its greatest advances in the u S. In the early stages Of U. S. Advertising it was hard and expensive to advertise nationally because the U. S. Was still undeveloped and there was little of no means of transport, distribution or communication. Eventually certain type of manufactures thought of the idea of bypassing wholesalers, retailers and using catalogs.Mail orders and amplest appeared around the sasss. Late in the 19th century many American firms began to market packaged goods under brand names. Previously consumers had not been aware of or influenced by brand names. The first product that had brand names were soap products. In the 1 asss a few brands came out and they were Ivory, Pears, Spoil, Colgate, Kirks American Family and Packers. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Advertising or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Not long after brands such as Royal baking powder, Quaker oats, Bakers chocolate, Hires root beer, Regal shoes and Watermans pens were nationally advertised.In the early sasss America began to become aware of such brand names like Bon Aim, Wrigley and Coca- Cola. After World War 1 advertising developed into a business so big that it was almost a trademark of America itself through the eyes of the rest of the world. This was expanded by technical improvements which made transportation, communication and graphics work easier, cheaper and better. The invention of electricity led to the illuminated outdoor poster, photoengraving and other modern printing inventions helped both editorial ND advertising departments of printed journals.In the sasss the radio was invented and this developed a whole new technique of selling by voice. During World War 2 the American advertising industry founded the war advertising council this used modern advertising to strengthen the American war effort. The organization still continued after the war was over as Cite Advertising Council this was used to function for the publics interest. Printed and broadcasted media contributed millions of dollars worth of advertising time and space to such projects each year.The most significant Advertising development after the war was Television. Television forced the advertising industry to use better techniques of selling because they had to use visual and voice. Since Vics have been invented Advertisers have been under threat because some viewers edit out the commercials when recording the program.

Conflict Analysis Sheet Essays (220 words) - Health, Medicine

Conflict Analysis Sheet Name of Conflict: Black Death Time Period: 14th Century Europe (1346 - 1353) Type of Conflict: Plague/Disease Country/region: Europe and Central Asia End Result: Large Population Loss (30-60%); Issues with faith Underlying Causes The disease originated in Asia. It is a bacterium that lives in the blood of rats. Those rats were on the trading ships that were travelling to Europe. The disease was transferred via infected flees that were carrying the rats blood. Those flees bit humans and, since it was extremely contagious, spread throughout most of Europe. Immediate Causes: -Massive population loss -Widespread panic and paranoia -Weakened faith -Cities and towns bordered themselves off in fear of the plague Turning Points/Important Events: Survivors who had a natural immunity to the disease passed it on to their children. After several years, the plague died off due to a lack of sufficient hosts. Short-Term Effects: -People had difficulties trying to regain trust in God; they greatly feared him because they thought the plague was a punishment -Intellectual activity was at an all-time low -Agriculture very unproductive due to massive labor-loss Long-Term Effects: -Massive population loss -Trade and commerce was at a stand-still; many of the main trading hubs and cities were hard-hit, including Constantinople -The manor and feudal systems were both very uncommon after the plague

I Hear America Essays - Euphoriants, Heroin, Morphinans, Morphine

I Hear America Essays - Euphoriants, Heroin, Morphinans, Morphine I Hear America I hear Americas plead for a place of tranquility, far and bright as the sun. A mom crying for a black son, gone to the cruel actions of racism. A child screaming as a bullet let loose, another innocent classmate lost. A boy watching his friends life slip away to heroin, cocaine, and A daughter hiding in the dark closet, avoiding the hard blows of her alcoholic father. A dad waiting in the ER room, after a disturbing phone call on a drunk driver accident. A girl numbed by fear, too nave to understand the disease a filthy man had given her. I see America dream of an insubstantial place.

Managing Food and Beverage Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Food and Beverage Operations - Essay Example One of the key aspects that have led to the success of the Chinese restaurant is the introduction of two managerial posts that includes the kitchen manager and the food service manager. The major role of the food service manager is to handle all the cases that relate to the human resource as well as administrative duties. In order to create strong positive relationship with his or her employees either in the kitchen or in the services section, the manager is supposed to empower employees leading to a higher level of motivation. As depicted by John and Jennifer 2008, kitchen manager have various duties that includes controlling other staff in the kitchen as well as ensuring maximum safety in the kitchen as depicted by the law. One of the major aspects that make the Chinese restaurant to attain a competitive edge in the market is the introduction of a menu that covers all the items as needed by the customers. In addition, the restaurant takes into consideration the cultural diversity o f its customers. This is depicted by the introduction of an English and Chinese menu. To create strong customer awareness the restaurant indicates the various ingredients that are used to prepare the various foods prepared in the kitchen. The restaurant delivers it services in an excellent way thus leading to customer satisfaction. For example, through standard recipe the restaurant has a control of the quantity as well as quality of the food prepared in the kitchen. Key aspects as indicated by John and Jennifer (2008) that are covered by the standard recipe include portion size, ingredient lists, cooking time and temperatures, menu item name among others. Likewise, the restaurant image is enhanced by the attractive decoration, appropriate layout as well as efficient sitting plan. According to Graham (2006) the history and the style of the food is a major consideration during decorating of a restaurant. Similarly, Graham and Oxley (2003) argue that servicescapes also referred to as built environment plays a vital role of enhancing personal traits, customer satisfaction in a restaurant. As a guest to the restaurant I am not only attracted by the wide range of information that guides me in the purchasing process but also by the effective flow of services both in the kitchen and in the service section. As argued by Graham (2001), work flow in the kitchen is an aspect that ensured continuity in the production and offering high class services to the customers. Use of the right equipment is one of the primary aspects that have resulted to efficient work flow in the kitchen. The adoption of food safety is another aspect that has made the restaurant to attain a competitive edge in the market. It is worth to note that safety of the employees and food cannot be overlooked in any restaurant. In its effort to ensure that all its food is safe, the restaurant emulates the Hazard Analyses Critical Control Point (HACCP). According to Almanza et al, (2000) HACCP is an approach that is employed by firms dealing with food and beverages to identify evaluate and control food safety hazards.

The Legal Perspective based on the film inside job Essay

The Legal Perspective based on the film inside job - Essay Example One legal aspect that was clearly brought out in the movie is the issue of fiduciary duty. Fiduciary duty is a legal obligation that one party, in this case, referred to as the fiduciary, act solely on another party’s called, the principal, interests. In the Inside Job, the representatives of Goldman Sachs violated this fiduciary duty by selling collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) that were of doubted quality to their clients (Ferguson and Beck, 2010). The selling of these collateralized debt obligations to client meant that the financial institutions dealing with them was transferring the repayment risks to investors and other clients who purchased them. According to Ferguson and Beck (2010), the financial institutions dealing with these collateral debts obligations won’t be affected in case the collateral debts obligation market collapsed. The borrowers’ credit worthiness did not mean a thing to the financial institutions that lend out collateral debt obligations. Since the investment banks knew of the impending risks in dealing with the collateral debt obligations, they had to part with hundreds of millions to credit rating firms such as Fitch, Moody’s and S&P in order for them to give the credits triple-A credit ratings. However, these rating firms when confronted about their rating, they said that those were only opinions and no one was to rely on them. From these strategies of selling risky collateral debt obligations during the financial downturn, some financial institutions ended up gaining and making millions from these situations. These include the Morgan Stanley and the Goldman Sachs. Fiduciary duties from the above issues in the Inside Job have been breached. The fiduciary duties involve different elements. These include first acting in utmost good faith. The second element is to put the client’s interests first in all actions. The next element was to put all material and

Importance of Lying Essay Example for Free

Importance of Lying Essay Dishonesty is, and has been, a vital piece of human culture since the beginning of time. Through the need to improve and compete, this trait developed into sneaking and trickery, but eventually gave way to lying and deceit. Stephanie Ericsson’s article, â€Å"The Ways We Lie,† is a blunt take on the negative effects associated with the act of lying. She covers the topic from many different angles, dissecting why each type of lying is destructive to others, but she neglects to think of the beneficial aspects of the activity that have structured civil society around the globe. Without various types of lies, humans would be unable to compete against each other in the 21st century version of natural selection that is present in the world today. In order to be successful in life, elaboration and embellishment are necessary on a daily basis. These facades are fragile lies though, that are often disproved and discredited, hence the evolution of defense mechanisms used by us that rely on more deception to gain advantages. This chaotic scene of embellishment and defense mechanisms would make society near impossible if it wasn’t for our susceptibility to common ignorance. All civilizations form under the same beliefs, whether they’re true or not, bringing us to where we are today, a society that relies on the uses of facades, omission and deflection in order to function. With the era of technology, social networking, and mass media, human interaction has become much more frequent and scrutinized; every word that is said is judged instantly. Thus comes the necessity of facades for the sake of survival of the fittest. It is natural human instinct to go for the â€Å"fittest mate,† and in this day and age, that doesn’t mean most physically able. Character is a factor, and self-presentation, multiple different things that don’t come naturally to everyone, but anyone can put on a facade and present themselves as whatever they so please. The social advantage of putting a mask on and embellishing oneself to attract any sort of benefits whether they be romantic, financial, or professional. In America, there is an idea of an â€Å"ideal life,† commonly known as the â€Å"American Dream,† is a common goal that most citizens share to get a job, house and family, and the most efficient way to get there is through elaborate facades. The brutal side of the â€Å"American Dream† type natural selection mostly lies in the selfish aspects of it. Developing through this survival of the wittiest requires a thick shield of defense mechanisms in order to compete verbally. Humans use forms of lying that Stephanie Ericsson lists as deflection and omission. A man using his original facade to improve his live is at the scrutiny of his peers in the sense that his facade may be discovered, but developed defenses even the playing field so that lies may stay hidden. Stephanie describes deflection as instead defending oneself, going on the offensive. This defense mechanism draws attention away from whatever lies you may hold a bring other issues to the table, holding whatever facades may be hidden deep inside. Omission allows the liar to pick and choose what parts of the truth are told when they are, so the collaboration of omission with deflection creates a shield of misinformation and uncertainty that can deflect attempts to discredit and help grant people benefits all throughout their lives. But, with these fake personalities, and the reliance humans have on defense mechanisms to protect those personalities, how can people coexist with any trust at all? The answer lies within people’s susceptibility to ignorance on a massive scale, and their quickness to accept common knowledge for fact. The form of lying Stephanie calls ‘Groupthink’ suggests that humans rely more on the loyalty of the group than on any other sources. This is the lie that can be associated with all societies, civilizations, religions, and superstitions. People who all believe in the same things align with each other and defend the similar facades they have with their own uses of deflection and omissions to protect their group beliefs. Stephanie Ericsson seems to wish for an end to lying in general, but lying has been an essential part of human evolution and natural selection since social interactions have been in existence. The theory of groupthink is reflected on the devout nationality of people around the world, and the influence that facades such as religion have over people’s lives. Without these fundamental lies, there’s no telling where human history would be. Our dishonesty and ignorance have shaped and molded us just how predators have molded prey throughout history.

Personal Narrative- Victim of Robbery Essay -- Personal Narrative

Personal Narrative- Victim of Robbery My story started about a week ago. I was heading to bed early, because I was tired from a long day with plans to wake up a few hours before class to review for a test. As I closed my books for the evening and headed to bed around midnight, little did I know something was going on outside. A little later that night someone entered my garage, which was so conveniently unlocked. They first rummaged through my dad’s van outside and I think they stole his coat, a tape and a few rolls of film. They also sifted through my mom’s car looking for something to steal, only to find a few motivational tapes. Surprising enough they passed those including one on "Getting Rid Of Guilt." When they got into my car however, they decided to take most of what I had. They stole my CD player, taking part of my dash with it. They also took most of my CD collection and the liner to my new Columbia coat. They even took my flashlight. They then vanished as quickly as they had come. My mom woke me the following morning. She had decided to bring me breakfast in bed...

Administrative Reform in Bd

[pic] ASSIGNMENT ON ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM SUBMITTED TO SHAMIMA AKHTER [pic] (JKKNIU) SUBMITTED BY SAIFUDDIN AHAMMED MONNNA Dept. of Public Administration and Governance (JKKNIU) Roll no-11123144, Session-2010-2011 Course code PA-122 {1th Batch (1st year) 2nd Semester B. S. S. Honours} Submission date-01. 22. 2012 Table of Contents Serial no | Subject |Pages | |1 |ABSTRACT |2 | |2 |INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND |31 | |3 |Brief Review of Administrative Reforms in Bangladesh |6 | |4 |Major Issues of Administrative Reform in Bangladesh |8 | |5 |List of Major Committees and Commission for Administrative Reform |20 | |6 | 25 | | |DISCUSSION ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ELABORATELY IN THE FOLLOWING | | |7 |CONCLUSION: |36 | |8 |REFERENCES |37 | ABSTRACT This assignment explores the interplay politics and administrative reform in Bangladesh by drawing some perspectives from other developing countries. It covers the period both before and after democratization of the country, hinging around the even ts of 1991, and thus provides the opportunity for comparisons. It has sought to draw out the relative importance of political will (including the intentions and authority) of governments, and to critically assess their capacity, the degree of co-operation they gained from civil service actors, and to assess the relevance and appropriateness of international donor interventions. INTRODUCTION All countries strive to reform their administrative system in response to the challenge posed by socioeconomic posed, political, and technical environment. Bangladesh is no exception. Since its emergence as a nation- state, Bangladesh has been trying hard to reshape its administrative system. However, despite their perceived importance, administrative reform in Bangladesh has encountered serious hurdles over the last thirty years. Since 1971 after a civil war 17 reforms have been taken from which some reforms are very crucial. The major administrative reforms and their fate are discussed elaborately in the following†¦ BACKGROUND: Bangladesh bears a colonial legacy in its entire public administration system. Presentday Bangladesh was part of the British Empire for almost two hundred years. In 1947 Pakistani rulers replaced the British and dominated the area then known as East Pakistan until a bitter war in 1971 brought about an independent Bangladesh. A colonial imprint persists in Bangladesh especially in political and administrative Arrangements . The British tradition helped the bureaucracy to become an essential tool of governance. At the same time, it is accused of following the â€Å"Pakistani tradition of involvement in power politics† (Hague, 1995). The political system of Bangladesh has survived a series of transitions. A few years of democracy were followed by nearly fifteen years of military rule. In 1990, for the first time, Bangladesh achieved a fully functioning democratic structure. Ironically, the nature and role of bureaucracy in both the pre and post-democratic period remained almost the same except for an increase in number of ministries, divisions, departments and statutory bodies (Ahmed, 2002: 323-26). The role of government has changed in the course of Bangladesh’s development. After independence its focus was the attainment of development in all spheres of life by intervention and the use of administration in a constructive way. Government and administration were seen not merely as a regulator but as a facilitator. However, it can be argued that development, when considered as a multi-dimensional concept, cannot be attained and sustained without good governance. The term â€Å"good governance† has Acquired tremendous importance in the contemporary world, especially in the context of the developing countries. For example, many developing countries have prepared . Essential component in implementing the plans and strategies to achieve the targets set forth by PRSP; but good governance is a component that most developing countries seriously lack. Merilee S. Grindle points out that when determining their priorities and taking steps to ensure good governance, most developing countries go too far: they chalk out a plan or strategy far beyond the limited capacity of the institutions charged with implementation responsibilities. Grindle suggests redefining â€Å"Good Governance† as â€Å"Good Enough Governance†, that is, â€Å"a condition of minimally acceptable government erformance and civil society engagement that does not significantly hinder economic and political development and that permits poverty reduction initiatives to go forward† (Grindle, 2004: 526). In Bangladesh, a second-generation development challenge is to achieve â€Å"good enough governance†. No matter how much a government tries, success will not be attained if it lacks competent institutions to implement policies. Public administration is the key institution for policy implementation. If it is not functioning well, then PRSP targets are unlikely to be met. The state has to make sure that its administrative apparatus is functioning well, so that it can innovate and implement solutions and that it can ensure that the poor will not be excluded from the process and benefits of development. From the beginning of the 1990s, the role of government has changed from an intervener to a referee; instead of playing the game, its main duty is to make sure that a fair game is being played. This reinvented role of the government necessitates redefining the role of the bureaucracy. Bureaucracy can be considered as an â€Å"open† system that interacts with or is affected by the environment in which it operates. Traditionally, this environment consisted of only the â€Å"domestic economic, political and social context within which the organization is located. † Now, however, â€Å"public organizations are more often faced with global threats and opportunities that affect their operations and perspectives† (Welch and Wong, 2001: 372-73). The performance of a public organization depends largely on how the domestic political institution handles global pressures as well as how it interacts with the bureaucracy. In a country like Bangladesh, where global pressure is eminent and the domestic political institutions are ill structured, the colonial legacy places the bureaucracy in a difficult position. As globalization or market liberalization changes both the domestic context and the functioning of the bureaucracy, it is possible—but not necessarily desirable—that the two primary state institutions, politics and bureaucracy, forge an alliance. All countries strive to reform their administrative system in response to the challenge posed by socioeconomic posed, political, and technical environment. Bangladesh is no exception. Since its emergence as a nation- state, Bangladesh has been trying hard to reshape its administrative system. However, despite their perceived importance, administrative reform in Bangladesh has encountered serious hurdles over the last thirty years. Since 1971 after a civil war 17 reforms have been taken from which some reforms are very crucial. The major administrative reforms and their fate are discussed elaborately in the following Brief Review of Administrative Reforms in Bangladesh: Since the emergence of the country, a number of commissions and committees (for details, please see Annex-A) were constituted by different governments for administrative reform and reorganization to suit the needs of their respective policy declarations. The development partners also prepared several reports toward that end. A review of the major efforts is summarized below. The first political government in Bangladesh felt it necessary to rationalize and transform the provincial administrative system it had inherited into a national system which would be able to shoulder the responsibilities of a new born sovereign nation. Accordingly, the government constituted a Committee known as the Administrative and Services Reorganization Committee. The committee reviewed the administrative system thoroughly and proposed a comprehensive structure to enable it to undertake increasing development responsibilities. The recommendations were not, however, implemented due to resistance from different quarters. The subsequent military government in 1976 constituted a commission called as the Pay and Services Commission for recommending measures for administrative reform. The recommendations of the Commission were partially implemented. The Commission recommended for the introduction of an open structure system in the secretariat administration and creation of 28 cadres in the civil service. While the cadre principle was implemented, there was, in essence, a failure to introduce open structure system in the secretarial administration. The martial law government of General Ershad appointed a Committee for examining the organizational set up of the ministries/divisions, departments, directorates and other organizations. The Committee recommended reduction of the number of ministries/divisions, and of staff at the lower levels of secretarial administration, reduction in the layers of the decision making and fixing the supervisory ratio, formalizing and regularizing recruitment processes, emphasizing the principle of merit in promotion, delegation of financial and administrative powers down the hierarchy and providing training for officials. But major recommendations of the Committee were not implemented (Khan, 1991). Later, the martial law government appointed another committee, known as Committee for Administrative Reforms/Reorganization (CARR). The Committee recommended for renaming of Thanas as Upazilas (sub-districts), upgrading the Sub-divisions into districts and installation of elected local governments at district, Upazilla and union levels for the transfer of development functions to these elected local bodies. This time, the government implemented most of the recommendations of the Committee. It upgraded Thanas into Upazilas and sub-divisions into districts. It introduced democratic governance though limited in scope at the Upazila level. In 1987, a Cabinet Sub-committee was formed to recommend policy measures for implementing recommendations of the Secretaries Special Committee on the Structural Organization of the Senior Services Pool (SSP) and the Secretarial Committee relating to the problem of unequal prospects of promotion of officers of different cadre services. The Committee recommended the abolition of the SSP and certain other measures to improve prospects of promotion of officers of various cadre services. The government accepted the recommendations of the Committee and abolished the SSP in 1989. In the same year, another committee was constituted to reexamine the administrative structure and the man power position. The Committee found that 7000 officers and employees were surplus in 37 departments and offices. On the basis of its findings, the Committee recommended the abolition of 27 departments (Khan, 1991; USAID, 1989; Ali, 1993). During the tenure of the last government, an empirical study was conducted and two committees were constituted to look into problems of public administration and recommend measures for reforms. The Public Administration Sector Study was sponsored by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) with a view to suggesting an open, transparent, accountable and performance oriented administrative system to support parliamentary democracy. The Four Secretaries Committee and Committee for Restructuring Ministries/Department were constituted by the government. The areas of investigation of these committees and study included secretarial administration and work procedures, ministry-department relationship, ministry-corporation relationship, project cycle, organization and structure of government, decision making, accountability, human resources development, financial management and corruption. Recommendations made by them were of multifarious nature corresponding to the nature of the problems. The present government constituted the Public Administration Reform Commission in 1997 with the mandate to recommend policies, programs and activities to improve the level of efficiency, effectiveness, accountability and transparency in public organizations and to enable them to fulfil the government’s commitment to ensure socio-economic development and reach out its benefits to the people. The Commission made three types of recommendations, interim, short term and long term for administrative reforms in areas such as, defining of mission and functions of the public offices; affirming professionalism in the civil service; performance monitoring and result oriented performance, audit of government agencies; delegation of powers to subordinate and field offices; open and free access to government documents and reports for the sake of transparency and accountability; separation of judiciary from the executive; separation of audit from accounts; simplification of outdated laws, rules, regulations and forms (GOB, 2000). The Government has implemented some of the interim recommendations of the commission. The cabinet in a recent meeting accepted in principle the other recommendations of the commission. Major Issues of Administrative Reform in Bangladesh: The importance and significance of various reform efforts can not be denied as these have addressed to a large number of is sues relating to public administration in Bangladesh. But it is believed that the following issues should be taken into consideration while attempting for any comprehensive eform effort in the future. 1Role of Government The role of government in terms of dimension and nature of involvement in various activities has direct bearing on any reform effort. With respect to size and functional involvement, the Government of Bangladesh has assumed an all pervasive character. The lack of private initiative, which is a historical phenomenon, as well as government’s compulsions, especially just after the emergence of the country, provided the basis for the extended role and functions of the government. As a result, the role and functions of the government in Bangladesh has become all encompassing from the centre to the grassroots level. Its traditional functions also termed as regulatory functions (maintenance of law and order, collection of revenue and administration of justice) now constitute only a small segment, though their importance has not been reduced at all; rather increased manifold, of the voluminous functions of public administration. But by the nineties of the last century, some major and qualitative changes have taken place both in the internal and external environment of the country. The thrust for the reduced and limited role of the government is recognized nationally and internationally. In the economic sector, local private, and international and multinational initiatives are quite successful in various ventures while the government is found unsuccessful in managing and running public enterprises. On the other hand, a large number of Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), national and international, are shouldering some service and development responsibilities and also demonstrating better performance in their own spheres (CDRB and DPC, 1995). All these realities are now considered as the reflection of the freedom of individual belief and rights-two lofty ideals of modern day democracy. Thus there are both objective and subjective reasons to review the role and functions of the government. 2Public Policy Commitments Public policy commitments generally reflect the hopes and aspirations of the people and the demands of the time. These commitments are made in a democratic polity by the political parties both in power and aspiring to go to power. Public policy commitments are later translated into administrative actions. In Bangladesh, it has been observed that the public policy commitments made by the government are not pursued wholeheartedly. The institutional mechanisms, both internal and external, are also weak to monitor the translation of these into concrete administrative actions. Internal mechanisms include, administrative and political will of the government and effective administrative monitoring system. On the other hand, external mechanisms are specific parliamentary standing committees and effective role of the political parties in parliament and constructive role of the press and media. Moreover, public policy commitments lack consensus especially of the opposition political parties. As a result, public policy commitments made by one government are, in many cases, scraped or set aside by the next government that comes to power. 3Neutral Governance Currently neutral governance has become a common concern of politicians, administrators, academics and common people as every body are beneficiaries of it. Neutral governance is essential for the sustenance, growth and development of democratic polity. Modern day parliamentary democracies are based on multi party system. Under the system, a number of political parties with varying ideologies and agenda compete for assuming the state power or forming the government through the electoral process. Political parties stay in power so long as they enjoy the support and confidence of the people. The public administrative system that symbolizes permanency and continuity has to function under and at the direction of different political parties at different points of time. Under the above reality, the administration must ensure neutral governance. The concept of neutral governance with respect to a developing country like Bangladesh could be viewed from the perspective of Maintenance of Law and Order/Enforcement; Administration of and Access to Justice; and Planning and Execution of Development Programs. 3. 1Maintenance of Law and Order/Enforcement Maintenance of law and order is essential for ensuring neutral governance. Broadly speaking, maintenance of law and order has two aspects viz. maintenance of public peace, investigation and trial of criminal cases (GOP, 1960). The above involves both executive and judicial functions. Three elements are involved in it, the police, the magistracy and the judiciary (Ali, et. al. , 1983). The maintenance of public peace does not mean pre vention and control of any special type of crime. This deals with general law and order situations that may even be disturbed by non-criminal activities. Though crime may be committed, the real nature of the emergency here may be political or economic or communal. On the other hand, the investigation and trial of criminal cases may be described as prevention; investigation and detection; and prosecution of crime. It is believed that first of all crime should be prevented. If not prevented then the crime is committed. Once a crime is committed it must then be investigated and detected. The successful investigation leads to prosecution. Besides these, the police perform many other functions that have direct or indirect bearing on the maintenance of law and order/enforcement. Some of these are: execution of processes of criminal courts, regulation of crowds and traffic and other duties to meet emergency situations. To ensure neutral governance with respect to the maintenance of law and order/enforcement, the police administration should enjoy freedom from interference from any quarters. If interference are made Police administration can not function or discharge its duties and responsibilities without fear or favour. But in recent years, it has been alleged that the law enforcing agencies have been subjected to influences of various kinds to meet the political ends of the parties in power. Such practices seriously erode the confidence of the people and directly violate the principle of neutral governance, above all, they encourage the police particularly at the lower echelons, to take advantage of such biased position of the authorities to convert the opportunity for unrestrained personal gains. And this is what has happened in Bangladesh. 3. 2Administration of and Access to Justice-Rule of Law Administration and access to justice is a primary requirement for establishing the rule of law in the country. Again, the rule of law must be considered as an important dimension for sustainable democracy, accountable administration and equitable development. In the area of administration of justice in Bangladesh, the judicial system is subjected to some fundamental and procedural problems. Although there is constitutional provision for the separation of judiciary from the executive, concrete steps are yet be taken to separate the two especially at the lower level. It has been reported that now a bill proposing the separation of the judiciary and the executive is pending in the parliament for enactment. The combination of the executive/police and authority of criminal justice in the hands of the executive government was the innovation of the colonial power and it was specifically designed to meet the colonial purposes. However, non-action to separate the judiciary from administration helped accentuate bureaucratic authoritarianism and interference in the judicial process especially at the lower levels. Moreover, certain constitutional provisions require collaborative efforts of the Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs and the Supreme Court in the area of personnel management of the judges. Interference of the executive branch in the personnel management of the judiciary hampers judicial independence. In Bangladesh, successive governments meddled with the affairs of the judiciary to serve their narrow political ends. This state of affairs has seriously eroded the confidence of the people in the impartiality of the judicial process. Access to justice is another precondition for establishing rule of law in the country. Easy and timely access to judicial redress is essential for limiting or arresting the high handedness of the executive organ of the government. Repressive and sweeping laws also limit the private citizens’ access to the judiciary. Moreover, the structural and institutional inefficiency of the judicial system has created manifold problems which fails to check the excesses of the executive arm and the bureaucratic authority and to safeguard the civil rights of the people at large. 3. Planning and Execution of Development Program Another dimension of the concept of neutral governance is the neutral or impartial planning and execution of development programs. In developing countries like Bangladesh, initiatives for balanced development of the different parts of the country should come from the government. Moreover, for obvious reasons, the government has to shoulder the major responsibility with respect to economic and social sector development. But it has been observed that, in many cases, development programs are undertaken and executed to serve the narrow party interest of the political party in power at the expense of the national interest. The other phenomenon that is very much in existence in Bangladesh is that the people who are associated with the ruling party are awarded with various contracts relating to the execution of the development programs. Such practices breed corruption and the quality of the execution of the development programs also suffers. Sometimes, a nexus is developed between the political parties, government executing agencies and the implementers/contractors that results in waste and unnecessary cost escalation of development projects. But the concept of neutral governance with respect to planning and execution of the development programs suggests that national, not narrow party and or other interests, should come into prominence in the planning and execution of the development programs. The legitimate policy bias should not pervade the concept of neutral governance with respect to planning and execution of specific development plans and projects. It is natural that different political parties will have different policies and programs but this does not mean that their implementation should any way suffer from any partisan application. .4. Provider of Services Government’s role has changed with the passage of time. In the beginning, the basic purpose was to maintain the steady state. As such, the role was basically regulatory in nature. The concentration was on revenue collection, maintenance of law and order and administration of justice. The administrative system that Bangladesh inherited from the British in 1947 was developed for assuming the above stated roles. Then the government for the first time was called upon to shoulder new responsibilities in addition to its earlier role in traditional/regulatory administration. In the sphere of traditional administration, the emphasis was on maintaining steady state so that the nation can strive for better life both at the individual citizen’s level and also at the national level (Hussain, 1986). With the changed scenario, a new dimension was added to the role of the government, i. e. , development administration. The assumption of this new role was necessitated with the rising expectations of the people. Government at this stage, in the absence of any other alternative choice, had to intervene in different sectors (broadly, economic and service) of the national life to ensure all round national development. The situation in 1947 was such that there was virtually no private sector and entrepreneurial capacity of the private citizens was almost non-existent. Under compulsion, the government had to intervene in all sectors. This phenomenon continued through out the Pakistani period. Another point should be noted here that during this period whatever capacity developed in the private sector was confined mostly to the erstwhile West Pakistani (now Pakistani) nationals (Ahmed, 1980; Jahan, 1977) After the emergence of Bangladesh the situation was even worse. The institutional business enterprises and industries were mostly owned by the Pakistanis and these were left behind by them. The government had no choice but to nationalize those. On the other hand, government of the time also opted for a mixed economy. Consequently, the government’s roles and functions increased manifold. Besides, this period also witnessed the creation of a number of public enterprises especially in the economic sector (Sobhan and Ahmed (1980). In the service sector the government’s role and functions also increased considerably. The government ultimately became the main provider of services to the people. After the change of government in 1975, Government’s policies regarding its role underwent fundamental changes. Emphasis was put on the development of private initiatives in all sectors of national life. In the economic sector, thrust was given for the development of private entrepreneurial class (Ahmed, 1980). At the same time, the government went for the denationalization of different state owned enterprises. This period also saw the rise of a large number of Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). These organizations started to take active part in development and service sectors especially at the grassroots level. In spite of all these developments, the government in Bangladesh still remains the primary providers of services in all sectors. The all encompassing role of the government resulted in mismanagement and overburdening of the administrative system. Now the time has come to redefine and delimit the role of the government as provider of services and also to look for alternative strategies for providing these to suit the demand of time. 5Civil Service An efficient and effective role of civil service in a developing democratic polity is of vital importance. The efficiency of public servants is a sine qua non for managing the affairs of the state. On the other hand, the involvement of the public servants must not transcend the boundary of the democratic framework. However, bureaucratic efficiency depends on conducive political and bureaucratic environment and culture suiting the needs of the hour; existence of the democratic values in the administrative system; and existence of mechanisms to have checks on bureaucratic excesses. 5. 1Bureaucratic Norms In multi-party democracy, public servants have to perform functions, such as, to inform the ministers and parliament with complete and accurate data presented objectively and in time; to advise ministers by analysis of data and appraisal of options in which they can have confidence; to implement ministerial decisions and to administer resultant decision; and to be responsible to minister and parliament for their actions (or inaction) with particular reference to the safeguarding of public funds and ensuring effective value for money (Stowes, 1992). With respect to the bureaucratic norms of the civil service in Bangladesh experience reveals that these are adhered to a very limited scale. A number of socio-economic and political factors, including historical peculiarities have impeded the growth of accountable structure of administration in Bangladesh. As a result, the ‘high office arrogance’, unethical behaviour, gross inefficiency, failure to respect legislative intent a nd failure to show initiatives have become apparent in the civil service of Bangladesh (Hussain and Sarker, 1995). 5. 2Decision Making Process Efficient decision making procedures are part of the professional and result-oriented administration. The organization and structure of the government and public service and administrative culture have bearing on the decision making system. In Bangladesh, the Rules of Business outline the basic provisions relating to the distribution of responsibilities among different units of government. Under the existing arrangement of the governmental administration, the ministry is responsible for formulating policies. The directorates/departments/statutory bodies and field offices implement policies. In fact, the existing arrangement implies a policy formulation-implementation dichotomy. Interestingly, such a dichotomy has a corresponding relationship to the structural arrangement of the system, resulting in the conflicting relationship between generalists and specialists. There is also confusion about the nature of decisions. It is difficult to draw a demarcation line between the policy decisions and the operational decisions. This confusion complicates the disposal of cases. This, along with centralized tendency in administration causes delay in decision making. Jurisdictional infringement, buck passing, distortion of priorities, employee disorientation and misallocation of resources are many of the factors responsible for such a state of affairs (Huda and Rahman, 1989). The other important aspect that may be noted here is that the discourse on decision making is confined only to the bureaucratic structure. For instance, there is no indication in the Rules of Business regarding the role of parliament members in decision making particularly at various administrative levels, without violating the separation of power policy. 5. 3Corruption Corruption has been and continues to be an unfortunate integral part of administrative culture in Bangladesh. But in recent times, it has taken an all pervasive form. A recent donor sponsored study reflecting on the harmful effect of bribery, corruption, kickbacks and under the table payments for various administrative decisions and actions noted that the per capita income in corruption free Bangladesh could have nearly doubled to US$ 700 (currently it is estimated to be US$350) (Transparency International, Bangladesh, 2000). Government officials especially, involved in development projects, service delivery, enforcement and regulatory agencies at all levels are reported to be colluding with private bidders and contractors and service seekers and consequently amassing vast illegal incomes in the bargain. The reasons for such corruption can be summed up: Firstly, because of institutional weaknesses, civil servants involved in corrupt practices, in most of the cases, are not taken to task and they indulge in corruption with impunity. Moreover, even if found guilty, they have never been adequately punished nor compelled to return to the state their ill-gotten wealth. Secondly, for quick service delivery, citizens in general, now do not mind to pay bribes and kickbacks. Thirdly, there is now social acceptance of corruption. Fourthly, barring occasional public procurements, the representatives of the people, i. e. politicians especially those who are in power, are not very enthusiastic to take effective measures to curb corrupt practices in public dealings. Rather in many cases, it is alleged that they have become party to various dubious deals. 6. Administrative Accountability Government policy decisions are implemented through bureaucratic mechanisms; as such, administrative accountability is essential for good government. In developing polity, there is a tendency on the part of the public bureaucracy to exercise power in an authoritarian manner. Bangladesh bureaucracy is also no exception to that. Authoritarian organization culture still persists. Democratic values are still lacking in the bureaucracy. This is due to the colonial legacy that the administration inherited and lack of experience of the bureaucratic system to function under broader democratic political environment. There is a marked lack of clarity and in deed there is an imbalance between the role of bureaucracy and the role of public representatives and political leaders in the policy making and overall governance system. No systematic measures have been taken so far to streamline the institutional integration of popular interests and technical expertise at all levels of government. As a result, efficiency and accountability suffer under democratic political leadership. The arrogance of high office, unethical behaviour, failure to respect legislative intent and apathy towards work have been rampant (UNDP, 1993). However, elaborate measures should be undertaken to curtail bureaucratic excess. Its role should not go beyond the limits that may thwart democratic ideals and practices. Some of the measures could be through the effective roles of the parliament, media and the civil society. . 1Role of Parliament Bangladesh has again gone back to the parliamentary form of government after amending the constitution (GOB, 1998). Under the present system, the executive branch is responsible to the parliament and that the peoples’ representatives must have sufficient voice in the design and formulation of public policy. In Bangladesh, the parliament is primarily concerned with enacting legislation and ratifying decisions that the executive has already taken. Thus, it is clearly observed that peoples’ representatives have no substantive role in policy formulation. The role of parliamentary committees is very significant in this regard. These statutory committees are expected to scrutinize various aspects of government actions. Moreover, they should function in such a manner so as to ensure transparency of vital government businesses. However, in Bangladesh, the parliamentary committees so far have failed to play the vital role in making the administration accountable. Some important committees such as, Public Accounts Committee, Committee on Estimates, Committee on Public Undertaking and other standing committees on various ministries are not performing well enough to ensure accountability of executive government. Committee meetings are not held regularly and ministers in many cases do not attend the meetings. More importantly, the decisions of the committees are not followed by actions. The other feature of Bangladesh politics is the excessive reliance on exercising executive authority by keeping the parliament in the dark. In most cases, policy issues are not discussed in the parliament. This weakens parliament’s authority to hold the executive accountable to it. Another interesting feature of Bangladesh politics is that the opposition political parties oppose the ruling party for the sake of opposition only. Moreover, boycotting/non-participation in the sessions of the parliament has also become a regular practice of the opposition political parties. But to have healthy political environment and to hold the party in power responsible for the actions/inaction, opposition political parties should play a positive role both within and outside the parliament. 6. 2Role of Media Role of media is very important in ensuring administrative accountability. Information about government actions are largely reported through the media both electronic and print. By ensuring free flow of information, the media also ensures transparency of administrative actions. Currently, the print media is enjoying considerable freedom in Bangladesh. They bring lapses and excesses of the executive to the notice of the public and thereby making them accountable. But exclusive government control over state run mass media like radio and television run contrary to the concept of free flow of information and transparency. Such exclusive control has negative bearing on ensuring administrative accountability. In Bangladesh, both radio and television are solely owned and controlled by the government. As a result, these two media are acting as the spokesmen of the government or rather the party in power. Impartial information and views, in most of the cases, are not usually broadcast. Moreover, views of the opposition political parties and groups do not receive proper and adequate attention of the state run radio and television. As we know, the role of media by facilitating the free flow of information of all government actions is very essential for ensuring executive and administrative accountability. The reforms which, according to the press reports, are on the anvil appear to fall short of expectations of the nation in as much as the government control on the state run electronic media remains virtually overlooked. 6. 3Role of Civil Society From a functional perspective, there is a general tendency to treat civil society as one of the three sections that constitute a nation – the other two being the public sector or the government and the private sector or the profit-seeking enterprises. Very broadly, civil society can be defined as those organizations that exist between the level of the family and the state and enjoy a degree of autonomy from the state and the market, and provide a counter-balance to the power of the state and the market. Civil society may also be viewed as organized activities by groups or individuals either performing certain services or trying to influence and improve the society as a whole, but are not part of government or business (Jorgensen, 1996). In Bangladesh, civil society includes indigenous community groups, mass organizations, cooperatives, religious societies, trade unions, and professional bodies. Given the dynamics of the political process, it is indeed difficult to set a prescribed role for the civil society in Bangladesh. The role of civil society, in fact, depends on the nature of the demand and prevailing conditions of a polity. However, areas of involvement of the civil society in the context of Bangladesh are policy advocacy, mobilization of public opinion, demand creation, active participation in policy formulation process, bridging the gap between citizens and government, pressurizing the government with the help of the media, supporting the popular movement in favour of a given policy issue, lobbying with the donor groups/development partners, playing the role of mediator/ arbitrator between citizens and government, and policy analysis, etc. Civil society, by its actions, performs as pressure group in the polity in attaining administrative accountability. In the true sense of the term, the civil society is only emerging in Bangladesh. In recent years, the civil society has made some limited but positive contributions towards ensuring executive and administrative accountability. But it has been observed that some groups of the civil society movement are politicized and divided on political lines. Though there has been a steady and random growth of the civil society organizations, there is virtually no active network of them to look after collective interests of the people. More concerted efforts are needed to organize and further develop the civil society institutions so that they can play an appropriate role in making the executive and the administration accountable to people. MAJOR ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS The major administrative reforms and their fate are discussed elaborately in the following List of Major Committees and Commission for Administrative Reform |S. n. |Name of the Committee/Commission |Focus Areas |Major Recommendations |Observation | |1 |Civil Administration Restoration |Organizational set up for the |Establishment of 20 Ministries, 3 other secretariat organizations and|Secretariat administration was reorganized with 20 ministries. | |Committee, 1971 |Government after the emergence of |7 constitutional bodies |Constitutional bodies like Supreme Court, the High Court, the Public | | | |Bangladesh |Detailed specification of functions of civil servants at the |Service Commission, the Election Commission and the Office of the | | | | |Div ision, District, Sub-division levels |Comptroller and Auditor General were established | | | | |Providing appropriate status and respect to the officers and staff of| | | | | |civil administration as lawful organs of the Government | | |2 |Administrative and Services Structure |Civil Service Structure |Unified civil service structure with a continuous grading system |The report of the Committee was not published | | |Reorganization Committee, 1972 | |from top to the bottom. Division of all posts into two broad | | | | | |categories: Functional and Area Group Posts. Top 3 grades, i,e. I, | | | | | |II and III to be designated as Senior Policy and Management Posts | | |3 |National Pay Commission, 1972 |Pay Issues |10 scales of pay in line with the recommendation of the ASRC |New national pay scale with 10 grades was introduced | |4 |Pay and Services Commission, 1977 |Civil Service Structure and Pay Issues |52 scales of pay and equal initial scales of pay and equitable |The New Na tional Grades and Scales of Pay was introduces with 21 | | | | |opportunities for advancement to the top for all |scales of pay | | | | |Introduction of Superior Policy Pool at the top of the civil service |28 services under 14 main cadres were created within the civil service| | | | |Establishment of Civil Service Ministry by abolishing Establishment |A Senior Services Pool was constituted | | | | |Ministry | | |5 |Martial Law Committee for Examining |Reorganization and Rationalization of |Reduction in the number of ministries/divisions/directorates and |Number of ministries were reduced from 36 to 19 | | |Organizational Set up of |Manpower in Public Sector Organizations|sun-ordinate offices |Number of other offices were reduced from 243 to 181 | | |Ministries/Divisions/Directorates and | | |Number of constitutional bodies were reduced from 12 to 9. Number of | | |other organizations, 1982 | |Reduction of layers for decision making |officials and employees mostly working at the lower levels was reduced| | | | | |from 9,440 to 3,222 | | | | |Delegation of administrative and financial powers down the hierarchy | | |6 |Committee for Administrative Reform and |Reorganization of Field Level |Up gradation of Thanas with Thana Parishads as the focal point of |The new system of administration and local government was introduced | | |Reorganization, 1982 |Administration |local administration |in 460 Thana’s (Thanas were later renamed as Upazilas) | |7 |National Pay Commission, 1984 |Pay Issues |New National Pay Scale with 20 grades |The New National Scales of Pay was introduces with 20 scales of pay | | |Secretaries Committee on Administrative |Promotion Aspects |Maintenance of status quo for 10 cadre services as promotion prospect| | | |Development, 1985 | |had been satisfactory | | |8 |Special Committee to Review the Structu re |Structure of Senior Services Pool (SSP)|Continuation of SSP as a cadre |Recommendations were referred to the Cabinet Sub-committee for | | |of Senior Services Pool, 1985 | |Entry into the SSP only through examination to be conducted by the |examination | | | | Public Service Commission | | | | | |Tenure of Secretaries be limited to 8 years | | |9 |Cabinet Sub-committee, 1987 |Review of SSP and Promotion Aspects |Creation of 50% of posts of Deputy Secretaries within the pay scales |Recommendations were referred to the Council Committee for | | | |Rules of Business |of Taka 4200-5200 for making SSP more attractive |examination. The recommendations of the Council Committee were not | | | | |Tenure of Secretaries should not be limited |approved by the President | |10 | 1996Committee to Re-examine the necessity|Necessity or otherwise of keeping | | | | |of keeping certain Government Offices in |certain Government Offices | | | | |the light of changed circumstances, 1989 | | | | |11 |National Pay Commission,1989 |Pay Issues |Revised National Scales of Pay |20 revised Nation Scales of Pay was introduced | |12 |Administrative Reorganization Committee, |Administrative structure and staffing |Reduction of the number of ministries from 35 to 22 and the number of|The report of the Committee was not made public | | |1993 |patterns |administrative organization from 257 to 224 | | | | | |Provisional structure for the Office of Ombudsman | | | | |Creation of a Secretariat for the Supreme Court | | |12 |National Pay Commission, |Pay Issues |Revised National Scales of Pay |20 revised Nation Scales of Pay was introduce d | | | |Structure and reorganization of | | | | | |manpower across | | | | | |Ministries/Departments/Directorates, | | | | | |etc. | | |13 |Administrative Reorganization Committee, |Administrative structure for improving | | | | |1996 |the quality and standard of service, | | | | | |achieve transparency and efficiency | | | |14 |Public Administration Reform Commission, | |Determination of Missions and functions of the public offices |Some of the interim recommendations have been implemented | | |1997 | |Formation of a professional policy making group â€Å"Senior Management |The recommendations of the Commission have been accepted by the | | | | |Pool† Lateral entry into the civil service |government in a recently held cabinet meeting | | | | |Reduction of the number of ministries from 36 to 25 and the abolition| | | | | |of 6 organizations. Establishment of the Supreme Court Secretarial. | | | | |Establishment of the Office of the Ombudsman | | | | | |The local co uncils/Parishads at the district, Upazila and Union | | | | | |should have overall authority of coordination of development | | | | | |activities . Establishment of an Independent Commission Against | | | | | |Corruption, Establishment of a Criminal Justice Commission | | | | | |Magnetization of public service benefits; Establishment of a Public | | | | | |Administration Reform monitoring Commission | | DISCUSSION ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS ELABORATELY IN THE FOLLOWING†¦. Administrative and service structure reorganization committee(ASRC): On 15 March 1972 a four members administrative and service reorganization committee (ASRC) was appointed and submitted its report in two phases in April 1973 and in May 1974. Mission of ASRC: The ASRC was asked – To consider the present structure of various service†¦.. And determine the future structure keeping in the view fundamental needs. To consider the amalgamation of all civil services †¦.. Into one unified service. To determine the principle of integration of the personnel of various service in the new structure and to determine inter seniority of personnel in different service. To determine the future recruitment policy in the government service and various levels. To prepare and recommend a comprehensive scheme for administrative reorganization. Significant recommendation: The ASRC have done some important recommendations. As like- The committee felt that division between former all Pakistan and other central superior services and the former provincial service as well division between higher and lower classes be abolished and a continuous grading system from top to bottom should be substituted in each occupational group. The committee suggested that reservation of posts for various groups within the public service should be discontinued. All public servants, the ASRC recommended, should be organized in a single classes unified grading structure (UGS) covering the whole public service. To inculcate professionalism in the public service, the committee suggested, division of all posts within it into two broad categories to be designated as functional posts and area group posts. The ASRC called for designating posts in top three grades, i. e. I. II and III as senior policy and management posts and tightening selection procedure for entrance into senior management positions. The committee also suggested a detail plan as to how its proposal for UGS be implemented throughout the public service. The ASRC felt that individuals should be recruited to various grads as in the public service on the basis of merit as tested by their performance in competitive public examination. The ASRC also made a number of specific recommendations to democratize the governance and reduce the powers. As like- Increasing devolution of power and authority to elected local governments at different levels district, Thana, and union was forcefully argued to enable locally elected officials to provide leadership in developmental activities without interference from central government officials placed in the field. Different local levels field tiers had to be rationalized with upgrading of subdivisions into districts and abolition of division. Separation of the judiciary from the executive had to be ensured for successful functioning of a democratic policy. At the central levels the role o the secretariat needed to be restricted to policy formulation, planning and evaluation of the executed plans and programs. Fate of ASRC The ASRC submitted its recommendations to the government in two phases. But there was no official response to the committee’s work till the end of the Mujib government. It is difficult to understand why far- reaching recommendations of ASRC was shelved in spite of the fact that accepting the members. All members including the chairman were close to Mujib both politically and personally. It is on record that Mujib was unhappy with the poor performance on lack of commitment of many senior civil servants. He knew the problems but did not want to go all the way to solve the malices. That created the paradox and consequently Mujib’s lack of action. National pay commission(NPC): A nation pay commission (NPC-1) was appointed on 21July 1972 under the chairmanship of a retired secretary to the government. Besides the chairman, there were nine members. The membership of the commission included full –time and five part-time members. Mission: The national pay commission (NPC-1) was assigned with a number of tasks. These included: Reviewing the pay structure of all employees in the public sector keeping in view the government’s policy of socialism. Recommending rationalization and standardization of pay scales of those who served under erstwhile central and provincial governments. Significant recommendations: The guiding principles followed by NPC-1 in recommending a rational pay structure were a livable wage, social acceptability, functionally distinguishable levels of responsibility matched with standardized pay levels and motivation based on patriotic grounds. The NPC-1 felt that a nine tiers administrative structure with corresponding pay scales could meet the requirements of a rational structure in Bangladesh during next five years 1973-1978 of the nine scales for would be normal direct entry tiers, three promotion tiers and two conversion ties but the commission’s plan had to be modified to bring it in line with ASRC recommendation. Fate of NPC Some of the recommendations f the commission were partially implemented however, majority of the recommendations of the NPC-1 were not implemented. Reasons can be offered as to why the commission’s recommendations suffered such a fact: Compression of 2200 scales into 10 scales was very difficult task and it proved to be at the implementation stage. No major segment within the civil service supported the recommendations. Rather almost everybody who mattered opposed it. Pay and service commission(P&SC): The pay and service commission (P&SC) was appointed on 20 February 1976 consisted of thirteen member including the chairman, headed by retired secretary who was changed in mid-way and replaced by another senior civil servant. Mission: The P&SC was asked to examine the existing pay and service structure of public sector except defense service and university’s teaching posts, recommend suitable service structure and pay structure including fringe benefits for civil service. In marking its recommendation, the commission had to consider some factors such as: Functional needs and requirements of the government, job requirement or various service and posts, cost of living, resources of the government and public sector enterprises, reduction of disparity between the highest and the lowest salary levels, demand and supply of various profession and occupation. It had another main business to examine both service and pay matters of all employees in the traditional public sector and this had to be accomplished within a given set of constraints. Fate of P&SC: The government slowly and implemented some of the recommendations in modified form and it took two years. Creation of twenty eight services under fourteen main cadres within the civil service. The government in 1977 provided for twenty –one scales of pay through the introduction of new national grades and scales of pay (NNGSP). In the process the government drastically scales down the number, that is fifty scales of pay which P&SC recommended but the NNGSP satisfied very few people. Constitution of senior service pool (SSP) by the government. The (SSP) was modeled in light of the P&SC call for creation of a superior policy pool (SSP), but the SSP order was formulated and implemented in such a manner that the objective behind SSP was willfully ignored. Martial Law Committee -1(MLC-1): A five – member martial law committee for examining organization set up of ministries /divisions , departments , directorates and other organization under them (MLC) was appointed on April 18,1982 under the chairmanship of a Brigadier . The other members of the committee were two lieutenant colonels, one major and one mid ranking civil servant. The latter was made secretary to the committee. Mission of MLC-1: The committee’s responsibility included: To review and recommend charter of duties of various sectors, branches, wings, divisions and departments. To scrutinize existing and